There are two mountain ranges in this province, and it is one of two provinces without any coastline. There were thousands of these Black Loyalists, people of African descent who joined the British military forces during the American Revolutionary War. In the 1790s, the Settlers, including adult women, voted for the first time in elections. The Limba are about 60% Christian and 40% Muslims. It also borders Liberia and each of Sierra Leones five administrative regions. [215] Teacher training colleges and religious seminaries are found in many parts of the country. 2020-02-06 Bumbuna is a town in the central of Tonkolili District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. The Aberdenn-Lumley area is a favourite destination for those venturing into the city's nightlife. Freetown has internet cafs and other businesses offering internet access. [51], The Sierra Leone Company, controlled by London investors, refused to allow the settlers to take freehold of the land. The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) ran one of the most popular stations in the country, broadcasting programs in a range of languages. Elements of the British Army, together with administrators and politicians, remained after withdrawal to help train the armed forces, improve the infrastructure of the country and administer financial and material aid. However, the British exceeded their original mandate and took full military action to finally defeat the rebels and restore order. She employed her capacity for friendly communications to persuade the British to give her control of the Kpaa Mende chiefdom. Formal exports have dramatically improved since the civil war, with efforts to improve the management of them having some success. The leader of the main opposition All People's Congress (APC), Siaka Stevens, along with Isaac Wallace-Johnson, another outspoken critic of the SLPP government, were arrested and placed under house arrest in Freetown, along with sixteen others charged with disrupting the independence celebration.[76]. Highlighting the specifics, the report shows that women still make up the majority of Sierra Leones population at three million, eight hundred and twenty thousand, nine hundred and fifty-five (3,820,955) which is 50.6% of the total population. In total, there are 20 cities in Sierra Leone. [63], The British interacted mostly with the Krios in Freetown, who did most of the trading with the indigenous peoples of the interior. Nwauwa, Apollos O. Sherbro also sent fighters to assist Bai Bureh in the fight against the British. According to an Overseas Development Institute report, private health expenditure accounts for 85.7% of total spending on health. The districts of Sierra Leone The provinces of Sierra Leone are divided into 16 districts. There are 800km (497mi) of waterways in Sierra Leone, of which 600km (373mi) are navigable year-round. [21] "Peace before Elections vs Elections before Peace" became a key debate topic and this quickly became a point of national discussion. The Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) won a plurality of seats in parliament, and Milton Margai was re-elected as prime minister. They designated chiefs as units of local government, rather than dealing with them individually as had been the previous practice. Over the next decade, much of the formal economy was destroyed in the country's civil war. These At the highest level of administration, Sierra Leone is divided into five units. . On the voyage between Plymouth and Sierra Leone, 96 passengers died. Other towns in Falaba District include Falaba, Sikunia, Krubola, Musaia Ganya and Mansadu Falaba District is divided into thirteen chiefdoms. Fourteen clubs from across the country compete in the Sierra Leone Premier League. [40], Many in London thought that moving them to Sierra Leone would lift them out of poverty. In October 2000, a UN-approved certification system for exporting diamonds from the country was put in place and led to a dramatic increase in legal exports. They are descendants of traders from Guinea who migrated to Sierra Leone during the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. This is where Freetown is located, and its also the smallest district in size by a large margin. The average temperature is 26C (78.8F) and varies from around 26 to 36C (78.8 to 96.8F) during the year. [159], In conjunction with the UK's Department for International Development (DFID), Sierra Leone has set the goal to provide solar power to all of its citizens by 2025. Krio is the most widely spoken language across Sierra Leone, spoken by 97% of the country's population. A traditional leader from each district has a seat in the countrys parliament, and each district is governed by an elected council. However, Stevens' hand-picked successor Joseph Saidu Momoh promised to return the country to a multi-party system; a new constitution was adopted in 1991 that provided the means for a multi-party democracy. The British administration favoured a policy of indirect rule whereby they relied on slightly reorganized indigenous institutions to implement colonial policies and maintain order. Koroma was re-elected president for a second (and final) term in November 2012. Other figures are estimates from the source cited. Its capital and largest town is Bendugu. It is the second largest city in Sierra Leone and the biggest city in the southern province serving as the administrative center and capital of Bo district. [69] Owing to the astute politics of Milton Margai, the educated Protectorate elites were able to join forces with the paramount chiefs in the face of Krio intransigence. The Lungi International Airport located in the coastal town of Lungi in Northern Sierra Leone is the primary airport for domestic and international travel to or from Sierra Leone. [97] By the end of 2014 there were nearly 3000 deaths and about 10,000 cases of the disease in Sierra Leone. Female. The southern front, consisting mostly of Mende people, entered the conflict somewhat later, for other reasons. 132 members are elected concurrently with the presidential elections; the other 16 seats are filled by paramount chiefs from the country's 16 administrative districts. [226] For every 100 liveborn children, one mother dies due to complications of giving birth. [226], In the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted by UNICEF in 2012, the prevalence of female genital mutilation in Sierra Leone was 94%. Civil War In Sierra Leone And The Role Of "Blood Diamonds". Major port cities are Bonthe, Freetown, Sherbro Island and Pepel. Because Madam Yoko supported the British, some sub-chiefs rebelled, causing Yoko to take refuge in the police barracks. There are three free terrestrial television stations in Sierra Leone, one run by the government SLBC and the other two are private stations in Freetown, Star TV which is run by the owner of the Standard-Times newspaper and AYV Africa Young Voices. Descendants of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Fula migrant settlers from the Fouta Djalon region of Guinea, they live primarily in the northeast and the western area of Sierra Leone. Dozens of soldiers loyal to the ousted president Momoh were arrested, including Colonel Kahota M. Dumbuya and Major Yayah Turay. On 29 March 1970, Brigadier Bangura was executed by hanging in Freetown. In November 1968, unrest in the provinces led Stevens to declare a state of emergency across the country. Freetown is governed by the city council that is elected directly and serves for a four-year term and is headed by the Mayor. Bunce Island, an island on the Sierra Leone River, was used as a base for European slavers as a place for slave ships to dock before sailing via the Middle Passage to the Americas. The city is the main economic center of the province. Bunce Island became a prime spot for transporting slaves to Europe and America. The centre provides a variety of maternal and child health services and is supported by not for profit organisations such as Freedom from Fistula,[231] The Aminata Maternal Foundation,[232][bettersourceneeded] and UNFPA. The upper part of the drainage basin of the Moa River is located in the south of this region. Unpublished master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. Samuel Ajayi Crowther was the first student to be enrolled at Fourah Bay. Located in the Northern Province is Makeni city which is the capital of Bombali district and the largest city and economic center in the Province. They have no tradition of origin, and it is believed that they have lived in Sierra Leone since before the European encounter. [156] The majority of the population relies on biomass fuels for their daily survival, with firewood and coal used most prevalently. In April 1971, a new republican constitution was adopted under which Stevens became president. Helicopters are also available from the airport to other major cities in the country. As a result, Albert Margai became unpopular in the Creole community, many of whom had supported Sir Milton. The other ethnic groups included Themnes, Sherbros, Yalunkas and Soso were believed to have originated from the Upper Guinea Coast, whilst the Mendes were believed to have originated from the Mande Ethnic Group from the Mali Empire led by Queen Massarico. It was founded in 1792 by abolitionist John Clarkson and was settled by freed slaves from various parts of the world whose descendants are known as the Sierra Leone Creole people. The Sierra Leone National Premier League is the top professional football league in Sierra Leone and is controlled by the Sierra Leone Football Association. [209] In numbers, females present a lower per cent (6.3) versus males (15.2) when it comes to be paid employees. Realizing that he lacked sufficient strength, he resorted to diplomacy. The Judiciary have jurisdiction in all civil and criminal matters throughout the country. [52], On 1 January 1808, Thomas Ludlam, the Governor of the Sierra Leone Company and a leading abolitionist, surrendered the company's charter. Reference Location: Bombali District, Sierra Leone. In November 1951, Margai oversaw the drafting of a new constitution, which united the separate Colonial and Protectorate legislatures and provided a framework for decolonisation. The situation in the country deteriorated to such an extent that British troops were deployed in Operation Palliser, originally simply to evacuate foreign nationals. [159] Amongst all these projects, both finished and potential, the Bumbuna dam still remains the largest of the hydroelectric projects in Sierra Leone. The airport has paved runways longer than 3,047 metres (9,997 feet). Passengers cross the river to Aberdeen Heliports in Freetown by hovercraft, ferry or a helicopter. This sort of representation was not available in Nova Scotia. [258] Among newspaper readership, young people are likely to read newspapers weekly and older people daily. [181][182][183] The Islamic holidays of Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Maulid-un-Nabi (Birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) are observed as national holidays in Sierra Leone. Children, youth and adult are frequently seen playing street football across Sierra Leone. The Eastern Province is divided into three districts: Located in the northern region of Sierra Leone is the countrys Northern Province. Mineral exports remain the main currency earner. [254][255], Under legislation enacted in 1980, all newspapers must register with the Ministry of Information and pay sizeable registration fees. The Krios are virtually all Christians at about 99%. Waterloo is located about twenty miles east of Freetown. One of the first ethnic groups to become educated according to Western traditions, they have traditionally been appointed to positions in the civil service, beginning during the colonial years. Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 17831815?" Sierra Leone Police was established by the British colony in 1894; it is one of the oldest police forces in West Africa. In seeing the shape of mountains like a Lion and amidst the thunderstorm he named the mountains Sierra Lyoa (meaning Lion Mountains in Portuguese) Later, the name Sierra Leone was derived from the Portuguese term Sierra Lyoa. [28] The use of iron was adopted by the ninth century, and by 1000 AD, agriculture was being practised along the coast. The Mandinka are predominantly found in the east and the northern part of the country. [55]:34,223255, These Liberated Africans were from many areas of Africa, but principally the west coast. Strasser became the world's youngest Head of State when he seized power just three days after his 25th birthday. The first of these goals is to provide solar power to at least 50,000 homes in 2016, the second is 250,000 homes by 2017, and finally to provide power to 1,000,000 people by 2020. [39][43][44][45], In 1787 the British Crown founded a settlement in Sierra Leone in what was called the "Province of Freedom". These Police Commissioners report directly to the Inspector General of Police at the Sierra Leone Police headquarters in Freetown. According to the report, Sierra Leones population has increased by 6.4%, since the last census in 2015. One of the top-ranking soldiers in the NPRC Junta, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, a trusted ally of Strasser, was assassinated, allegedly by Major S.I.M. [103] The country's population is mostly young, with an estimated 41.7% under 15, and rural, with an estimated 62% of people living outside the cities. Sierra Leone gained independence from the United Kingdom on 27 April 1961, and became a Commonwealth realm on the same day; the country's name changed to the Dominion of Sierra Leone. [90] The NPRC Junta immediately suspended the constitution, banned all political parties, limited freedom of speech and freedom of the press and enacted a rule-by-decree policy, in which soldiers were granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial, and challenges against such detentions in court were precluded. [87] This move led to another major demonstration against the government in many parts of the country, but it was also put down by the army and Stevens' SSD force. Sierra Leoneans did not passively accept such manipulations. Humphrey J. Fisher (1969), "Elections and Coups in Sierra Leone, 1967". They founded Birchtown, but faced harsh northern winters and racial discrimination from nearby Shelburne. It is the wealthiest region in Sierra Leone and also acts as the countrys cultural and financial center. He was found guilty and sentenced to death, despite the fact that it was Bangura whose actions led to Stevens return to power. Sierra Leone has the largest natural harbour on the African continent, allowing international shipping through the Queen Elizabeth II Quay in the Cline Town area of eastern Freetown or through Government Wharf in central Freetown. Sierra Leone appears on the EU list of prohibited countries with regard to the certification of airlines. The presidential election, in which neither candidate reached the required threshold of 55%, went to a second round of voting, in which Julius Maada Bio was elected with 51% of the vote. The Christian holidays of Christmas, Boxing Day, Good Friday and Easter are also national holidays in Sierra Leone. The Mende, who are believed to be descendants of the Mane,[citation needed] originally occupied the Liberian hinterland. Sierra Leone's capital Freetown is located in the Western Area of the country and its makes up the Western Area Urban District. [235], The water supply in Sierra Leone is characterised by limited access to safe drinking water. [103][165], Population density varies greatly within Sierra Leone. It made its international debut at the 2004 African Affiliates Championship, where it finished last of eight teams. [18][19] Several religious funded TV stations operate intermittently. SLBC transmits radio on FM and has two television services, one of which is uplinked by satellite for international consumption. Ajisafe was apparently angry after a Zimbabwean Muslim cleric Mufti Menk had visited Sierra Leone and preached to large crowds. Though according to Professor C. Magbaily Fyle, this might have been a misinterpretation from historians. Most of the proposals came from leaders of the Protectorate, whose population far outnumbered that in the colony. 12. Sierra Leone's third president, Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, and Sierra Leone's first Vice-President, Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, were both ethnic Mandingo. One traditional leader from each district occupies a seat in Sierra Leone's parliament. [157] The use of coal and firewood has also posed environmental concerns as they are both in conflict with the push for more sustainable sources of energy. After several days in jail, Ajisafe was released, his church licence was given back to him, and his church was later reopened under strict government condition during several months of probation. Inland from the coastal plain is the interior plains region. [128][129], Excessive police brutality is also a frequent problem. Sierra Leone has a population of more than 7 million people and has some major cities that subdivide the country. Agyepong I. The Njala University is the second largest university in Sierra Leone located in Bo city. Of that 12%, 10% was in the capital Freetown, and the remaining 90% of the country used 2% of the nation's electricity. The Western Area Urban District, including Freetown, the capital and largest city, has a population density of 1,224 persons per square km. Several prominent members of the Momoh government who had been in detention at the Pa Demba Road prison, including former inspector general of police Bambay Kamara, were also executed.[91]. This is due to substandard safety standards.[154]. In 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against the government disrupted Sierra Leone politics. A Continental Perspective", Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone#cite note-Ebola WHO 22 oct-1, "The economic impact of Ebola may kill more people than the virus itself", Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey 2008, "At Long Last, Recruitment Begins at Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation | ICFJ International Center for Journalists", "Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC) Maiden Report 2010-2011", "Sierra Leone Editorial criticizing president prompts multiple proceedings", "Sierra Leone editors arrested after publishing article comparing pres", "Editor arrested for comparing Sierra Leone president to a rat | Media", "Sierra Leone editors arrested after publishing article comparing president to a rat", "Sierra Leone intensifies media crackdown News", "Sierra Leone: In Sierra Leone, Journalists Held On Libel, Sedition Charges", "Press Freedoms and Human Rights:2005 Year End Press Freedom Brief", "Media use, and attitudes towards media in Sierra Leone:A comprehensive baseline study", "Cricinfo article Uganda and Sierra Leone Win Through", "Visa Issues End Sierra Leone's World Cup Dream", Key Development Forecasts for Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone 2002 Summary Trade Statistics, Hurrarc Human Rights Respect Awareness Raising Campaigners, Environmental Justice Foundation's report on pirate fishing in Sierra Leone, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Commonwealth Secretariat Member Countries, Comparison of American and British English, List of countries by English-speaking population, List of countries where English is an official language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Leone&oldid=1134240923, English-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, States and territories established in 1961, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with dead external links from June 2014, Articles with dead external links from July 2021, Articles with dead external links from August 2021, Articles with dead external links from June 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from October 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2022, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2022, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, Articles with self-published sources from December 2017, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 18:00. Sierra Leone is officially a secular state. He removed the SLPP party from competitive politics in general elections, some believed, through the use of violence and intimidation. [161], In 2019 Sierra Leone had a population of 7,813,215[164] and a growth rate of 2.216% a year. Sierra Leone is bordered on the north and east by Guinea, on the south by Liberia, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Hence, the country formally became known as the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate or simply British Sierra Leone. Surveys of the religious make up of Sierra Leone vary widely, though Muslims make up the majority of the population. Sierra Leone is known for its blood diamonds that were mined and sold to diamond conglomerates during the civil war, to buy the weapons that fuelled its atrocities. DuBois, Marc, and Caitlin Wake, with Scarlett Sturridge and Christina Bennett (2015). [39] The 64 remaining colonists established a second Granville Town.[46][47]. Lansana placed Stevens under house arrest in Freetown and insisted that the determination of the Prime Minister should await the election of the tribal representatives to the House. Area: 77.1 mile - 124.1 km radius. In the south, the plains comprise a rolling wooded country where isolated hills rise abruptly to more than 1,000 feet (300 metres). The Sierra Leone Civil War resulted in the destruction of 1,270 primary schools, and in 2001, 67% of all school-age children were out of school. The Creoles, a descendant from the Nova Scotia, Maroons and Recaptives. Siaka Stevens retired from politics in November 1985 after being in power for eighteen years. Many of the Sierra Leone national team footballers play for teams based in Europe although virtually all of them started professional football in the Sierra Leone National Premier League. 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